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Grammar is the art of putting the right words in the right places.

Words, in English, can be put into eight groups according to the work they do. These groups are called “Parts of Speech”. When we put words from these groups in the right order, we get sentences.

The eight groups are: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

Now let us take these groups one by one and see what about them.

(1) Nouns

What a noun is?

(A) A noun is word that names a thing so that your mind can make a picture of it. A noun can name:


(1) People: (man, girl, Ali, child, boy, etc.).

(2) Places: (country, town, Kalkoul, Sudan, city, village, England, etc.).

(3) Animals: (dog, donkey, deer, lion, cat, horse, mouse, hippopotamus, etc.).

(4) Things: (car, machine, speed, medicine, bus, train, bicycle etc.).

(B) Plural of nouns:

When a noun means only one, as: (Boy, Dog, camel) we call it singular noun. When it means more than one, as: (boys, dogs, and camels) we call it plural. We form the plural by adding “S” to the singular as we see above (boy --------- boys/ dog --------- dogs/ camel --------- camels) etc.


But notice that:

(1) Nouns ending in hissing sounds (هسهسة) like brush, box, bush, etc. and nouns ending in (o) like tomato, potato, mango, make the plural by adding (es) as: brush brushes, box boxes, bush bushes, potato potatoes, etc


(2) Nouns ending in (f) or (fe) make the plural by changing the (f) into (ves) for examples: knife become knives – leaf becomes leaves – etc.

(3) Some nouns do not follow any of these rules and should be kept by heart such as child children/ man men/ woman women etc.


(C) The possessive case:

(1) It is made by adding (‘s) to the end of the singular noun standing for the possessor. This rule is also correct for plural nouns ending not in (s) like children, women, etc.

Examples: we say the boy’s ball/ the children’s car
We do not say the ball of the boy/ the car of the children.

(2) For plural ending in (s) we make the possessive by adding the apostrophe (‘) only as for boys and monkeys: We say the (boys’ ball/ the monkeys’ fruit) and so on.

But notice that:

This possessive form is used only for people and most animals but not for things. We say the (shadow of the tree) which is correct, and not the (tree’s shadow) which is incorrect.


Best Regards




TO B CONTINUED.....................